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Saint Paul the Apostle (; c. 5 – c. 67), originally known as Saul of Tarsus ((ヘブライ語:שאול התרסי); ),〔〔 was an apostle (though not one of the Twelve Apostles) who taught the gospel of Christ to the first-century world.〔Powell, Mark A. ''Introducing the New Testament. '' Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8010-2868-7〕 He is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age.〔Sanders, E. P. "Saint Paul, the Apostle". Encyclopædia Britannica. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition.'' Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 08 Jan. 2013.〕〔"The Canon Debate", McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, chapter 32, page 577, by James D. G. Dunn: "James, the brother of Jesus, and Paul, the two other most prominent leading figures (besides Peter) in first-century Christianity"〕 In the mid-30s to the mid-50s, he founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe. Paul took advantage of his status as both a Jew and a Roman citizen to minister to both Jewish and Roman audiences. According to writings in the New Testament Paul, who was originally called Saul, was dedicated to the persecution of the early disciples of Jesus in the area of Jerusalem.〔 Acts 8:1 "at Jerusalem"; Acts 9:13 "at Jerusalem"; Acts 9:21 "in Jerusalem"; Acts 26:10 "in Jerusalem". 〕 In the narrative of the book of Acts, while Paul was traveling on the road from Jerusalem to Damascus on a mission to "bring them which were there bound unto Jerusalem", the resurrected Jesus appeared to him in a great light. He was struck blind, but after three days his sight was restored by Ananias of Damascus, and Paul began to preach that Jesus of Nazareth is the Jewish Messiah and the Son of God.〔Acts 9:20 And straightway he preached Christ in the synagogues, that he is the Son of God. Acts 9:21 But all that heard ''him'' were amazed, and said; Is not this he that destroyed them which called on this name in Jerusalem, and came hither for that intent, that he might bring them bound unto the chief priests?〕 Approximately half of the book of Acts deals with Paul's life and works. Fourteen of the twenty-seven books in the New Testament have traditionally been attributed to Paul. Seven of the epistles are undisputed by scholars as being authentic, with varying degrees of argument about the remainder. Pauline authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews (which is not asserted in the Epistle itself), already doubted in the 2nd and 3rd centuries 〔Tertullian knew the Letter to the Hebrews as being "under the name of Barnabas" (''De Pudicitia'', chapter 20 where T. quotes Heb. 6:4-8); Origen, in his now lost ''Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews'' is reported by Eusebius (Hist. Eccl. 6, 25, 13f.) as having written ". . if any Church holds that this epistle is by Paul, let it be commended for this. For not without reason have the ancients handed it down as Paul’s. But who wrote the epistle, in truth, God knows. The statement of some who have gone before us is that Clement, bishop of the Romans, wrote the epistle, and of others, that Luke, the author of the Gospel and the Acts, wrote it〕 but almost unquestioningly accepted from the 5th to the 16th centuries,〔''The New Jerome Biblical Commentary'', publ. Geoffrey Chapman, 1989, chapter 60:2 (at p.920, col.2)〕 is now almost universally rejected by scholars. The other six are believed by some scholars to have come from followers writing in his name, using material from Paul's surviving letters and letters written by him that no longer survive.〔〔〔Paul's undisputed epistles are 1st Thessalonians, Galatians, 1st and 2nd Corinthians, Romans, Philippians, and Philemon. The six letters believed by some but not all to have been written by Paul are Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus. (''Paul and His Influence in Early Christianity'' ) (United Methodist Church)〕 Other scholars argue that the idea of a pseudonymous author for the disputed epistles raises many problems.〔Carson, D.A.;Moo, D.G. ''An Introduction to the New Testment.'' Nottingham: Apollos/Inter-Varsity Press. 2005 ISBN 978-1-84474-089-5〕 Today, Paul's epistles continue to be vital roots of the theology, worship, and pastoral life in the Catholic and Protestant traditions of the West, and the Orthodox traditions of the East.〔Aageson, James W. ''Paul, the Pastoral Epistles, and the Early Church''. Hendrickson Publishers, 2008. ISBN 978-1-59856-041-1 p.1〕 Among that of many other apostles and missionaries involved in the spread of the Christian faith,〔 Paul's influence on Christian thought and practice has been characterized as being as "profound as it is pervasive". Augustine of Hippo developed Paul's idea that salvation is based on faith and not "works of the law". Martin Luther's interpretation of Paul's writings influenced Luther's doctrine of sola fide. == Available sources == The main source for information about Paul's life is the material found in his epistles and in the book of Acts. However, the epistles contain little information about Paul's past. The book of Acts recounts more information but leaves several parts of Paul's life out of its narrative, such as his probable but undocumented execution in Rome.〔"Paul, St", Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005〕 Acts also contradicts Paul's epistles on multiple accounts, in particular concerning the frequency of Paul's visits to the church in Jerusalem. Sources outside the New Testament that mention Paul include: * Clement of Rome's epistle to the Corinthians (late 1st/early 2nd century); * Ignatius of Antioch's letter To the Romans (early 2nd century); * Polycarp's letter to the Philippians (early 2nd century); * The 2nd-century document ''Martyrdom of Polycarp''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paul the Apostle」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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